BALEARIC LANGUAGE

Sumario

1 THE BALEARIC AND THE CATALAN ARE NOT THE SAME LANGUAGE
2 BALEARIC, ROMANCE LANGUAGE

THE BALEARIC AND THE CATALAN ARE NOT THE SAME LANGUAGE

Linguistic structure of the Spanish, the Balearic and the Catalan. A comparative and Philological study.

Cultural bases of the national-catalanism in the Balearic Islands.

     From the beginning of the National-Catalanist movement at the end of the XlXth century until our days, more times than necessary has been said and written that the Majorcan or Balearic language is a dialect of the Catalan language; never considering that languages are born and develop in the historical context of the land where they are used, and, since the Balearic Islands is an Archipelago untouched by foreign linguistic influences until the XlXth century, that particular development remained even purer than in other places. This is why those who state the contrary are not true to the linguistic and historical background of the Balearic Islands. A background ignored by the Balearic wisemen themselves, because precisely those who introduced the theory of the Balearic language as a dialect were a group of intellectual islanders under the influence of the political-cultural movement called “La Renaixensa” at the end of the XlXth century, which movement spread the thought of Enric Prat de la Riba, who said:

«...let us do as the English did with their Great Britain, the Empire´s rosebud at its prime, flower of that Empire in the eve of its birth; let us talk of the Great Catalonia, which is not only the County (of Barcelona), or Majorca, or Valencia, but Majorca, and Valencia, and the County, and the Rousillon all together. We are all one, we are all Catalan.” “...and to put that philosophy into practice, we must dominate by the force of the culture, with the help of material force which will help endure the domination; it is a matter of modern imperialism, the integral imperialism of the great strong races of today.»

    Alas! And therefore, the most important weapon to unite all these territories will be the imposition of the Catalan language, (because, supposedly, their inhabitants are all of Catalan descent), sanctioned by the intellectuals and backed by the financial power.
    The aforementioned Balearic intellectuals acknowledged the lucubrations of Prat de la Riba because, to them, they were was not but an extension of what had been related by the romantic chronicler Ramón Muntaner in the XlVth century, stating that the Kingdoms of Majorca, Valencia and Murcia, had been repopulated with Catalan people who exported the “bell Cathalanesch” to those kingdoms. And of course, they assumed it all as if it were dogma, (never better said, since a great number of those intellectuals belonged to the clergy), without stopping for a moment to think or doubt; and without giving themselves the least chance to investigate and seek rational proof of such aseverations; and in spite of the fact that the Balearic people have never accepted, nor will they ever do, the notion of their being of Catalan descent. Neither will they let their language be called “the Catalan language spoken in Majorca”, Menorca, Ibiza or Formentera. And since, until the end of the first half of the XXth century, ninety percent of the population, not only that of the Balearic Islands but of the entire Spanish nation, were illiterate, it would have been quite difficult for those plain people to refute such satements, their only solution was to remain quiet and go through the mill, to avoid being labelled as ignorants or “gonellistas” (those  who made a case for “Majorquinism” without any grounds). To all that we must add that, until the end of the XXth century and, disgracefully, up to our days, social education in the Balearic families has been mainly of a feudal character; meaning that if something is stated by somebody with a post of authority, such statement is dogma to be believed and obeyed unless you want to risk being called an extremist, a fascist or an ignorant, adding to it the snubbing of your fellow citizens, even of your own family. Under such behaviour, those intellectuals had the dough ready to be baked in the furnace of catalanism with the odds on their side. In fact it turned out perfectly for them; it was, of course with the invaluable support of the politicians who passed the Statute of Autonomy in 1983, stating in its third section that the language of the Balearic Islands was the Catalan language. They did it without any historical or philological base, (El Día del Mundo de Baleares, May 19th 2002); because it was the politician Mr. Francisco Conrado de Villalonga, of the obsolete political party UCD, employee of the bank “La Caixa” of Catalonia, and since 1990 General Representative and General Deputy Director of La Caixa in the Balearic Islands, who made the personal decision, (photocopy of his “confession” enclosed) as Cultural Counsellor, that the language of the Balearic Islands should be called Catalan. Furthermore, once the Statute of Autonomy had been passed in 1983, with the only approval of the Balearic political class, a few months later, in 1984, Mr. Conrado withdrew from the political field, since he seemingly thought that he had already done his job. And those politicians did not submit their decision to the opinion of the people of the Islands, although in other autonomies the people were asked their opinion. Nor have they done it in the twenty years that have elapsed since then.

Opinions of relevant persons in the cultural world.

    These are the words of the notable Majorcan playwright and actor, the late D. Xesc Forteza, in an interview published in the “Última Hora” daily newspaper on the 7th of July1999:

«...I am an anarchist; no priests, no military, no flags, no religions. They can go on offering me all the money, I will not join any political party. I am proud to say I get on well with everybody, including the bishop. But theatre must never be seen as literary essay. Theatre is the people, and the characters on the stage must talk like the people in the street. Have you realized how they have spoiled our language? The radio professionals on the one hand, and the TV newsreaders on the other hand; to avoid Spanish expressions, they resort to a languaga that will mean the end of the Majorcan original language.” “...Have you read the “Rondayas Mallorquinas” (Majorcan Nursery Tales) standarised according to the rules of the Catalan? If not, you must read them and then you give me your opinion.»

    Let us now hear the opinion of D. Miguel de Unamuno, philologist, writer and Rector of the University of Salamanca. During his stay in Majorca in 1916 (“Andanzas y visioness españolas”. Miguel de Unamuno, 1916) he said:

«...the reader must understand that I am reading more than the some half dozen books I brought with me, but the greatest part of my readings is in Majorcan.Curiosity of a philologist. Wherever I go, I like to read in the language of the country; in Portugal, for example, I hardly read but in Portuguese, and here I read in Majorcan.Taking good care that it is Majorcan not Catalan.

    (...) However, Majorcan writers tend to write, not in the live language of their country, but in Catalan. Here, writers and intellectuals tend to be Catalanist rather than Majorquinist. The great poet Juan Alcover, after having written verse in Spanish for a long time, did not go back to his mother tongue, the home language of the city where he was born, but to the Catalan, a language that has not a smaller number of conventionalities than the official Spanish language. Naturally: Majorcan writers who did not find the public they sought when writing in Spanish; and in fact, some of them, like Juan Alcover, who did not get the praise they deserved, when the Catalan language revival was reaserted and spread, resorted to that (the Catalan) language. But I have decided to read in Majorcan, starting with the typical “Aguafuertes”, published in 1812 by the late D. Gabriel Maura, the elder brother of the renowned politician D. Antonio Maura, with an introduction, in Spanish!, written by the Catalanist Juan Alcover.
    As an effort and an act of gallantry, a Majorcan presbyter, D. Ildefonso Rullán, M. A. in Philosophy and Letters, published the first translation of El Quijote into the Majorcan Language, published in Felanitx in 1905-1906.

But I must tell you again that this issue of the Majorcan language and literature, of such noble ancestry and glorious tradition, dates back to the times of the blessed Lulio.»

D. Miguel de Unamuno

      Or let us see the opinion of D. Torcuato Luca de Tena writer, director of ABC daily and member of the Royal Spanish Academy, in an interview published in The Day of the Balearic Islands in September 1985 said:

«It is false that the Catalan Language is the origin of the Balearic and the Valencian languages. (...) The Balearic and Valencian cultural expressions are much older than those of the Catalan.»

D. Torcuato Luca de Tena

       Bishop D. Juan Santander, in the Synod of 1636, ordered that the doctrine be taught in the Balearic Islands, with a catechism that uses the "Balearic eloquio", so that those who do not know Latin understand it. In this same synod the Catalan language is not named at all.

        D. Lorenzo Villalonga, author of the novel “Bearn or the doll's house”, 1932 –History of the Kingdom of Mallorca, volume IX, Mascaró Pasarius- said: “... that Mallorcan people who look suspiciously at the strangest languages, he instinctively dislikes Catalan speech and literature. We will not try to ban a language like Spanish from the classroom, but we want Mallorcan, and we are convinced, firmly convinced, that our privacy is not in danger from Spanish or English, but it is from Catalan”.

List of grammars and dictionaries of the Majorcan or Balearic language.

 	To the words of D. Miguel de Unamuno and D. Torcuato we shall add that D. Juan Fiol published what we suppose was the first grammar of the Majorcan language in 1651; D. Miquel Reus published another grammar in 1694; D. Antonio María Cervera published another grammar in 1812; and another grammar was published in 1835 which was studied at the schools of the island, and on which base authors such as D. Gabriel Maura developed further works. This grammar was revised and republished by its author D. Juan José Amengual in 1872.

    Dictionaries worth mentioning: Don Antonio Figuera, a monk who had left his order, wrote a “Mallorquí-Castellá” dictionary in 1840 at the behest of a rich family from Muro, Majorca. In 1858, Don Juan José Amengual, author of the last two grammars, published the first volume of his Majorcan-Spanish-Latin dictionary. He published the second volume in 1872. A book by Don Damiá Boatella and Don Matías Bosch was published in 1889. It won an award at the International Fair of Barcelona, and was declared apt for academic purposes. Its title was “Enseñanza Práctica del Castellano en base a la lengua Mallorquina”, (“The Teaching of the Spanish Language, an Approach from the Majorcan Language”). It includes a most extensive Majorcan-Spanish vocabulary. To widen that background, it must be added that the edition of the “Rondayas”, (short popular nursery tales), written in 1895 by the Archduke of Austria Don Luís Salvador, were written in Majorcan; and the translation of the Quixote into the Majorcan Language by D. Ildefonso Rullán in 1906; not to mention the works of D. Gabriel Maura, and of authors like D. Manuela de los Herreros.

The first Catalan grammar accepted by the Institut d'Estudis Catalans

    However, it is not until 1913 that the “Orthographic Rules” of the Catalan language is published, written by Don Pompeu Fabra. Later on, in 1917, the same author published the “Orthographic Dictionary”. And it is not until 1918 that the first “Catalan Grammar” is published, being subsequently accepted by the Institute of Catalan Studies. That is only 267 years after the publication of the first Majorcan grammar that we know of. And in 1932, fourteen years later, they publish the “Dicccionari General de la Llengua Catalana”, (General Dictionary of the Catalan Language).                                                                                                                                     
    Meaningful, is it not? Why? And very simple: Grammars are the zero milestones, the date of birth of a language. 
    So we can not talk about the French language until the XVth century, when its grammar was published. Neither can we mention the Spanish language until that same century; or the German language until the XlXth century, when the Grimm brothers published their Grammar of the German Language; or the Italian language until 1860.
    Before those dates all these languages were written according to each writer´s free will and knowledge; we know well that every writer had his or her own rules; rules which only the writer considered as such and which in most cases were but orthographic nuances.

Linguistic conflicts in Catalonia before Pompeu Fabra. XXth century.

    Things were more complicated in Catalonia, though, because in the middle of the XlXth century some writers affirmed that they were writing in Provençal whilst others said that they wrote in Lemosin, of which we have palpable evidence in the words of the illustrious Don Carles Aribau who, in his poem “Oda a la Patria” (published in the newspaper from Barcelona “El Vapor” on the 24th of August 1833) says that he speaks, writes and prays in Lemosin.
   	Further that, the doctor of Romance languages in Grammaire des langues romanes, Paris, 1890, p.13 says:

«... the Catalan, which is merely a dialect of Provence ...»

       And Mr. Marti de Riquer i Morera, Ph.D. in Romance Philology, in his book: "History of Catalan literature", BCN - 1964, p.21, says (sic):

«La literatura trovadoresca, en el seu prop sentid, és l’escrita en provençal…/ …els primers poetes catalans (sigles XII i XIII) de personalitat i nom conegut que escriviren en una llengua romànica, ho feren en provençal…»

«The troubadour literature in its own way, is written in Provençal language. the first Catalan poets (XII and XIIIth century) and determined personality known name written in a Romance language, they did in Provence.»

   	Will anyone believe that Aribau and the rest of Catalan intellectuals, (knowing as we know so well their great affection for anything that may validate their identity), that if in those times there had been a Catalan language with its grammar and its dictionary they would not have boasted of having their own language, stating and restating that they spoke, wrote, loved and prayed in Catalan?...!!

	The evidence is clear enough; and to seek any pseudohistorical excuses which might explain the existence of the Catalan language would be nothing short os distorting the linguistic reality of that language. As we would be distorting the linguistic reality of the Spanish language if we stated that the “Versos Silenses y Emilianenses”, or the Works of Alfonso the Xth of Castilla, had been written in Spanish.
    You may ask; in what language, then, were they written? They were written in Romance, in Spanish Romance. As we have said above, due to the absence of general orthographic rules in those times, each author wrote according to the criteria that issued from his intellectual background.
    And, regarding the “Glosas Emilianenses y Silenses”, we must add that, though written in Spanish Romance, they contain verses in the Navarro-Aragonés Romance and in the Basc Language. (Lengua Española. 1º de B.U.P. Ed. ECIR, S.A. 1993)

False historical grounds of the supposed repopulation of the Balearic Islands with Catalan people.

         Since it has been proved that there was not any kind of repopulation with Catalan people in the Balearic Islands, then there is no Catalan language either, because there is neither evidence of the repopulation of the Balearic Islands given by the king himself in the “Crónica del Rey Jaime the lst”, nor in the “Libre dels Feyts”, nor the slightest signal of that imaginary fact. Furthermore, all the inhabitants of the city of Barcelona, which was supposed to be the most important city of the Kingdom of Aragon, would not have been enough to repopulate the city of Palma, because in those times Palma was thrice the size of Barcelona, and it was not until the XVlllth century that Barcelona attained the importance of Palma. However, what leads us to the clearest indication that there was not any kind of repopulation in the Balearic Islands is the fact that the Holy Mother Church warned their inhabitants to keep the keys of their homes in their keyholes the twenty-four hours of the day (which thing, amazing to him, Miguel de Unamuno alludes to in the book beforementioned), so that any old christian might enter the house at any time of day or night to check if someone was still secretly following the rites of the Jewish religion.That mandate would not have been necessary had there been a repopulation with Catalans, which is equivalent to old Christians. That requirement became a habit until in the mid XXth century, when thieves mingled with the stream of tourists who landed on the island, and very happy were they (the thieves) when they realised they didn´t need to force the locks of the doors to burgle a house. And anyway, and besides the documented facts, what remains of a Catalan presence are there in the Balearic Islands? Since... we must bear in mind that we are talking about the imaginary settlement of thousands and thousands of people, because it was not only a matter of repopulating the biggest city of the Crown of Aragón, but also of all the Kingdom of Majorca. Well, there is not any architectural vestige where there should be some. There is not any vestige of the Catalan Romanesque, which was in its highest splendour in those times (11th, 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries), neither are there any vestiges of “masías”, the typical Catalan farmhouses, all the rural buildings adopting the style of each island. So we have the Majorcan farmhouses of a Roman- Andalucian style of triple hollow, to which we may reckon an antiquity of more than 2000 years.(1) The same antiquity may be established for the  farmhouses of Minorca and Ibiza, the latter with its Middle-East type of constructions, clearly differenciated fron those of Majorca and Minorca. And we see that the Majorcan farmhouse has a rectangulas ground floor, its roof sloping towards the façade, or to the back of the house in older constructions. In more modern times, the buildings have a saddleroof sloping to the front and to the back of the house. The Catalan “masía” has a square ground floor with a saddle roof sloping to either side of the façade, which results in a different plan of the house, different from that of the Majorcan house. And we must bear in mind that the idea of people´s houses (in this case, of the Catalans who supposedly repopulated the islands) as some type of vital space in which families lived, a place of gathering that in the Middle Ages was a world in itself, a world of traditions, customs and cycles that were compulsory for their dwellers. And, from what we can see, there is no trace of that idea, of that house, as a Catalan sign of identity whereas it would be only too logical (as it is the case of any repopulated spot in the world) that the Majorcan landscape were covered with constructions of the Catalan type. And this simple fact leads us to the drastic conclusion that there was no Catalan repopulation in the Kingdom of Majorca after the year 1229. To that fact we must add the evidence that once the plundering had been accomplished, most members of the expeditionary force returned to their places of origin with their booty, and James the 1st himself avowed in his “Chronicle” that so few were the men who remained that they did not suffice to form the body of his personal guard, for which reason he recruited more people in Aragon. Under those circumstances it is a logical consequence that the repopulation would have proved rather difficult. If we add that, according to the “Llibre del Repartiment”, after the assault, a 75 % of the houses in Palma (2) were still occupied by their Majorcan owners, we may conclude that there was not any kind of repopulation with Catalans. (1 y 2,  La casa popular Mallorquina. Carlos García-Delgado. 1996).

mallorquín house

catalán house

    And since the cultural heritage of a people does not only consist of its idea of a dwelling, but of many other aspects of life, let us accept for a moment that the hypothetical repopulation of Majorca by Catalans had taken place. And that when they trod on Majorcan land they decided to occupy the abandoned dwelings; that they liked those so much that they did not modify them at all, keeping the distribution of the rooms; ando so much did they like those houses that when in need of more, they copied the Majorcan pattern instead of building Catalan farmhouses and, in doing so, denying their identity. And why not?! Let us accept it! 
    However, and even accepting that the cultural heritage of a people is not only its architecture,  let us mention other signs of identity that the new settlers should have brought. And let us mention the very ultimate feature in a family: the real proof of somebody´s identity until the first half of the last century, the role of the identity of a differentiated people, as individuals who belong to a specific ethnic group. This aspect is precisely the proper name given to each one of us, to all the people in the Universe; which name is given to us by our parents or Godparents when we are born, a name, with the odd exception, for all our lives. A name that tell the others of our identity. For example, when someone tells us that his name is Klaus, it is to tell us that his identity is German; if the name is McGiver, we understand that the identity is Scottish; if François, French; if Enric, Catalan; if Iñaki, Basc; if Tomeu, Balearic, etc. Let us, from this point of reference, investigate whether there was, or was not a Catalan invasion, through a thorough study of the inhabitants´  (of the Balearic Islands) names, who should, in theory, be the descendants of those Catalans who hipothetically repopulated our Majorcan Kingdom.
    Let us first see some Catalan traditional proper names and their origin.

    We see that a 70% of typical Catalan male names are of German origin; being the rest, a 20% of Latin origin; a 10% of Greek origin, and only a 5% of Hebrew origin.

    And now the males´ names in the Balearic Islands.

     The variety of origins of the Balearic males´ names, is remarkable though not strange if we take into account the cosmopolitan character of the Archipelago; their sources being naturally and purely Mediterranean: Phoenician, Hebrew, Greek, Roman... with a predominance of those of Hebrew origin (Israeli) 48%, the rest being a 14% of Greek origin, 14% of Latin origin, and another 14% of varied origins.
    From the aforesaid we may conclude that there was no Catalan repopulation of the Balearic Islands. Because the names of their inhabitants are not of a German origin, which is the case of Catalonia; and which should be the case of the Balearic inhabitants, had they been their descendants.
    And now, some typical feminine names.

    Notwithstanding the aforesaid, let us try and imagine ourselves in the Middle Age, in the midst of a rural and totally illiterate society, under the strict control of a progressively dominant and intransigent Christian religion, with an overwhelming number of prejudices, superstitions and traditions (that lasted until the end of the XlXth century), who controlled people´s lives with Swiss clockwork precision.Which means that if tradition told the parents to give their brood their grandparents´ names, they did as they were expected to; because if they did not act accordingly, they had to bear the permanent reproval of their folk and the scorn of their own family for having broken their rules. And those same rules applied to the customs in the agricultural and cattle trade, the locomotives of feudal economy.
    Given our previous information, we may wonder: is it possible that as soon as they set foot on Majorcan land, those hipothetical Catalan settlers gave up their German names due to a sudden transformation that made them renounce their traditions and their Christian religion? Would anyone believe that they disowned their Christian religion of old christians and fervourously embraced the Jewish religion with such fanaticism that they gave their children Hebrew names in the stead of their traditional Christian-Germanic names? ...We sincerely believe that it was not so. And we affirm categorically and unequivocally, that the Kingdom of Majorca was never repopulated by Catalans.

Romance linguistic landmarks previous to Jaime the First.

    Part of the toponymy in the Balearic language dates back to the times previous to the Reconquest, with toponyms that have survived until our times, linguistic milestones that prove the existence of the Balearic language before the Reconquest, such as the insults: “fava” /'fɑvɵ/ “favòta” /fɵ'vɒtɵ/ y “cap de fava” /cɑp dɵ 'fɑvɵ/, meaning foolish or silly, Neanderthaloid or Troglodyte, and the expression “¡me cagondéna!”,  /mɵ 'kagon'denɵ/ that is the contraction of the phrase:“I shit on Denia!”. Which expression was used among the Majorcan people since the invasion of Majorca by the “Almoravides” (Moabites, in old Sp) of Denia in 1015, two hundred and forty years before the Reconquest.
    This is why, with solid arguments supported by historical  facts, we may here come to the end of our exposition by stating that the Balearic language and the Catalan language, with common roots though without a common sustratum, have followed a different evolutionary process in their own environement and through the use made by the community of speakers, independent from each other, because each community see and organize their surrounding world according to the language they speak; notwithstanding that the two languages share quite a few words and their meanings.

However, it is interesting to observe that in all the Spanish language books, when they refer to the pre-Roman languages and to the languages that issued from the Latin (Neolatin (The origin of the Neolatin languages, Carlo Tagliavini) and Romanic), never, never ...is anything said of the language that was spoken in the Balearic Islands.It is as if these Islands had been always uninhabited until the Conquest. Yet they mention the existence of the Tartessian, spoken in Portugal and in the Western half of Andalusia. They also mention the Iberian, spoken in the Eastern half of Andalusia, the eastern coast of Spain, the Ebro river valley, the present-day Catalonia, and areas of southern France. The Basc is also mentioned, spoken in the Basc Country and in an area of south-western France. They mention the Celtiberian, spoken in Burgos, Logroño, Navarra, Soria, Guadalajara, western Zaragoza and Teruel.

But nothing is said about The Balearic Islands. Nothing, as if the Archipelago did not exist. Notwithstanding that the Islands were already a commercial power in the Phoenician era, long before the foundation of Cadiz. Because the Balearic Islands were precisely the bridge that allowed the Phoenicians to settle on the eastern coast of Spain and in the Strait of Gibraltar. Consequently, and to say the least, the Phoenician language must have been spoken in the Balearic Islands in that era, when also the Hebrew of the time of the Exodus came to the Archipelago with linguistic milestones such as “crespell /krɵs'peļ/, robiol /ŗobi'ɒl/, magalluf /mɵgɵ'ļuf/, moixí /moi'ʃi/” etc. Later on there were Greek settlements, whose people also left their linguistic landmarks such as “atapíns /ɵtɵ'pins/, rohélla /ŗo'ellɵ/, estada /ɵs'tɑdɵ/, pantalèu /pɵntɵ'lεu/, bastaxos /bɵs'tɑʃos/, artà /ɵr'tɑ/,” etc. And much later came the Vulgar Latin, along with the Iberian language with the Iberian families brought by Quinto Cecilio from the Peninsula to populate the centre of Majorca; from them remain the iberian words (in the euskera or Basc language), (Scientific Magazine, Mysteries of Archeology. Year the 1st, number 3, 1996. Jorge Alonso): “zerra, aloguer, ostatu, galant, pitxar, jake, garau, gari” etc.; in Majorcan, “sèrra /'sεŗɵ/, llogué /ļo'ge/, hostal /os'tɑl/, galant /gɵ'lɑnt/, pitxé /pi't͡ʃe/, jac /ʒɑk/, Garau /gɵr'rɑw/, Garí /gɵ'ri/,” last two words have become surnames. But the Balearic Islands was already a nation well known in the civilized world of those times, with its own language, with which its inhabitants were able to communicate with most of the Mediterranean cultures, since the Mare Nostrum was dotted with Phoenician colonies, and in those settlements commercial trade was enriched with language interchange.
When the Balearic Islands became part of the Roman world and subsequently reached the category of a Roman Province, their language got richer and evolved by itself until the first Arab invasion in 799 that forced their inhabitants to ask Alexander the Great for help, and he sent an armada that defeated the Sarracen navy; (General History of the Kingdom of Mallorca. Volume ll, pages 701 to 705. D. Juan Dameto, 1841) and so grateful were the natives that they swore fidelity to Alexander as their sovereign, the result of which was an important settlement of Provençal-Occitanian people. And thence the abundance of Provençal-Occitanian expressions in the Balearic Language, which expressions were in no way acquired through the conquest of James the 1st, nor from any Catalan insular factor; being a peculiarity of the Balearic language its feature of having preserved its purity and richness due to the insular factor. All that happened 430 years before the Reconquest and 2 years before Alexander the Great took Barcelona from the Arabs, Subsequently, in 814 and shortly before his death, he named his grandson Bernardo, Pipino´s son, king of Italy and of the Balearic Islands (Idem, volume ll, pages 701 to 705. D. Juan Dameto, 1841). (Thence the abundance of the name Bernàt in our Islands). Later on, in 832, the Saracens tried another invasion but they were defeated by the Balearic-Occitanian. It was the year 856, (57 years after the arrival and settling of the Provençal-Occitanian), when Bona, the Northafrican king, succeded in conquering Palma. Many Majorcan aristocrats (idem, volume ll, pages 566 and 763. D. Juan Dameto, 1841) and plebeians fled to the coasts of the Ampurdan in the northeast of Catalonia, because the shores of Barcelona did not provide safe shelter for the ships due to their consisting of sandy strands, besides being too close to the areas occupied by the Arabs. A historical fact that proves why the Balearic articles “sa, es /sø, øs/”, are used in that region of Catalonia. And when in 1228 James the 1st distributed the kingdom of Majorca, in case it was conquered by others, attributing himself the right of ownership on all the castles of Majorca, D. Nuño Sanz, count of the Roussillon told him that the castle of Montueri was his, because it belonged of old to his family, which fact was stated in a document on the 10th of January 1228, and ratified by another document dated September the 5th 1229. And a question rises here: how is it possible that the castle belonged to his family of old, being it the first time that the conquest of Majorca had taken place? The answer will be found in the facts we are stating though not in the fact that the Balearic Islands had been repopulated with settlers from the Ampurdan, being the use of articles like “es” and “sa” a natural consequence of the Catalans settling in Majorca, as it is taught at the schools and written in the students´ textbooks. It so happened that in 859 the Balearic Islands were invaded by the Normans, and the natives enriched their ancient language with words of German origin such as, to give an example of the remaining expressions, “Frau” /'frɑw/ (Frawi), as a surname which meaning is Mrs., and the words: “trescà /trɵs'kɑ/, gana /'gɑnɵ/ etc. The Arabs subsequently reconquered the Balearic Islands and so did, later, the Christians of Jaime the 1st.

Regarding History, we could stop at this stage of our study, because the word is linked to the person´s history as an individual who is part of a group called nation, kingdom; or, simply, people. And from our historical approach, we have proved that there is neither document nor fact on which we might found the theory of any sort of repopulation in the Balearic Islands after 1229.

The Spanish, the Balearic and the Catalan languages. A comparative philological study.

     Notwithstanding the aforesaid, let us tread the philological field and give a sample of comparison between the Spanish, the Balearic, and the Catalan languages. It must be understood that the given Balearic orthography was approved in the “1st Congress of Balearic Philology” in 1992-1993, which little differs from that of the last Majorcan Grammar of 1872. It was the orthography used by he Majorquinist intellectuals at the end of the XlXth century and at the beginning of the XXth century; to the names of those intellectuals mentioned above, we shall add that of D. Pedro Alcántara Peña.

List of expressions with the same meaning.

    We have taken the list of Spanish and Catalan words from the:

    “Diccionari manual VOX. Castellano-Catalán/Català-Castellà. 1997.”
   
     With a first prologue in Spanish by the Illustrious D. Camilo José Cela, and a second prologue by the Illustrious D. Antoni María Badía i Margarit (President of the Department of Philology at the “Institut d´Estudis Catalans”, the highest Catalan linguistic institution).

(We have written in bold type the words that are equal in Spanish and Catalan, but for the accents and hyphens).

spanish catalan balearic

    After seeing that list, which do you think is a dialect of which? Couldn´t we openly assume that the Catalan is a dialect of the Spanish, and the Balearic language is undoubtedly a language different from the Spanish and the Catalan?
    However, to affirm that one language is a dialect of another language, it does not suffice that the two tongues in question have several thousand words in common, words that are homonymous, orthographically equal and with the same meaning, neither does it suffice that several thousand words of one language be included in the dictionary of the other language (it happened with the Balearic language that, in a pompous ceremony at the presentation of the new Catalan language dictionary, in November 1995, D. Juan Miralles, director of the department of Catalan philology at the University of the Balearic Islands, boasted that thanks to his department, the new dictionary of the Catalan language included 700 Balearic words that would from that moment increase the Catalan lexis). What marks the limits between languages is their linguistic structure. And the structures of the Spanish, the Balearic, and the Catalan, are different from each other, as we shall see.
    From the Vulgar Latin originate, first the Neolatin languages (Origin of Neolatin Languages. Carlo Tagliavini) and then the Romance Languages, through the Latin merging with the local languages. This fact supports the philological axiom that:

IT IS THE PEOPLE, NOT THE LINGUISTS, WHO MAKE THE LANGUAGES.

    With the excepction, of course, of synthetic languages; this is to say, languages produced in linguistic laboratories.
    So taking into account that the  meaningful values of each word or significance are established by  the people who speak the language, who also establish the  changes and broader uses in the semantic field and their final acceptance or refusal by the community, let us have a look at the linguistic structures of the Spanish, Balearic and Catalan languages.

LINGUISTIC STRUCTURE

    It is known that all languages are based on pillars which are common in their denomination although different in their contents; they are, at the same time, systems of signs in which we can detect the difference between languages when compared. All that system is called linguistic structure.
    Those pillars are:

Phonologic, morphosyntactic and semantic.

    It is said and it is established as a principle that just one difference between those systems is enough to accept them as different languages.
    Yet we shall forthwith prove that there is more than one difference between the Balearic and the Catalan languages.

Phonologic system.

     We shall start from the beginning, with the phonologic system of the languages in question, in order to clarify which is a dialect of which, or if they are in fact three languages with the same roots though different from each other.

Balearic vowel trapezoid

Catalan vowel trapezoid

consonant group chart

    When the letter “i” forms a diphthong with a preceding vowel and consequently loses part of its natural sound, “i” is replaced by the letter “y”.

Examples: cuy /'kuj/ (take);

fuya /'fujɵ/ (leaf);

vermêy /vɵr'mɵj/ (red);

beya /'bɵjɵ/ (bee).

Balearic syllabic subsystem of double consonants.

(they are separable).

      The letter b is doubled in all the words ending –bla, -ble, -bli, -blo:

amóbblà (a-mob-blà) /ɵ-mob-'blɑ/ (furnish)

pobble (pob-ble) /'pɒb-blɵ/ (town)

púbblic (púb-blic) /'pub-blik/ (public)

fibbló (fib-bló) /fib-'blo/ (strong wind)

    	The letter c is doubled in:

accident (ac-ci-dént) /ɵ-t͡si-'dent/ and its derivative words.

acció (ac-ció) /ɵ-t͡si'o/ and its derivative words.

    	The letter g is doubled in:

lliggí / lleggí (llig-gí / lleg-gí) /ļig-'ʒí/, /ļɵg-'ʒí/ (read) and its derivative words.

correggí (co-rreg-gí) /ko-rɵg-'ʒi/ (to correct) and its derivative words.

siggle (sig-gle) / 'sig-glɵ / (century)

igglesi (ig-gle-si) / ig-'glɵ-zi / (church)

       The letter l is doubled in:

mòl·lo (mòl-lo) /'mɒllo/ (mold)

mêl·la (mêl-la) /'mɵllɵ/ (almond)

Bal·le (Bal-le) /'Bɑllɵ/ (Mayor)

amel·ló (a-mel-ló) /ɵ-mɵl'lo/ (young almond)

     	The letter  m  is doubled in:

semmana (sem-ma-na) /sɵm-'mɑ-nɵ/ and its derivative words.

emmagrí (em-ma-grí) /ɵm-mɵ-'gɾi/ and its derivative words.

     	The letter t is doubled in:

sutjettà (su-tjet-tà) / su-'d͡ʒɵt-'tɑ / (hold) and its derived words.

dissatte (di-ssat-te) / di-sɑt-tɵ / (saturday)

adjettiu (ad-jet-tiu) / ɵd-ʒɵt-'tiu / (adjective) and its derived words.

attitud (at-ti-tud) / ɵt-ti-'tud / (attitude) and its derived words.

dittic (dit-tic) / 'dit-tik / (diptych) and its derived words.

ottim (ot-tim) / 'ɒt-tim / (optimal) and its derived words.

adattà (a-dat-tà) / ɵ-dɵt-'tɑ / (to adapt) and its derived words.

ottimísme (ot-ti-mis-me) / ot-ti-'mis-mɵ / (optimism)

etc.etc.etc. like in Italian.

     	The letter  n  is doubled in:

ànnera (àn-ne-ra) /'ɑn-nɵrɵ/ and its derivate words.

ennobblí (en-nob-blí) /ɵn-nob-'bli/ and its derivate words.

ennigulà (en-ni-gu-là) /ɵn-ni-gu-'lɑ/ and its derivative words.

Balearic syllabic system of consonant groups.

(they are inseparable)

tx = [ʧ] tz = [ʣ] tj = [ʤ]

tg = [ʤ]	ts = [ʦ]     cc = [ʦ]

cotxo ['koʧo] co-txo = car

dotze ['doʣɵ] do-tze = twelve

corretja [ko'rɵʤɵ] co-rre-tja = strap

metge ['meʤɵ] me-tge = doctor

catsa ['kɑʦɵ] ca-tsa = box

dicció [diʦi'o] di-cció = diction

The Catalan syllabic system of consonant groups.

(they are separable)

tx = t + x > /t + ʃ/; cotxe (car) cot-xe /'kot-ʃə/ = car

tz = t + z > /t + z/; dotze (twelve) dot-ze /'dot-zə/ = twelve

tj = t + j > /t + ʒ/; corretja (strap) cor-ret-ja /kor-'ret-ʒə/ = strap

tg = t + g > /t + ʒ/; metge (doctor) met-ge /'met-ʒə/ = doctor

ts = t + s > /t + s/; catsa (box) cat-sa /kat-'sɘ/ = box

The Balearic accentuation.

The Balearic language has three types of accentuation

      Orthographic accent: oxytone, paroxytone and  proparoxytone. With three written accents: /´/ acute, /`/ grave/, and /^/ double, (formerly called circunflex accent).

      Phonetic accent: It indicates the different pronunciations of the vowels, regardless of their position in the word. It has two written forms: /´/ acute, and /`/ grave accent.

ê, e /ɵ/: entretela /ɵntɾɵ'tɵlɵ/ in stressed syllable (interlining); êntre /'ɵntɾɵ/ (come in)

é /e/: Déu /'dew/ in stressed syllable (god); péssa /'pesɵ/ (piece).

è /ε/: dèu /'dεw/ (ten) ; ubèrt /u'bεɾt/ (open).

ó /o/: colóm /ko'lom/ (pigeon)

ò /ɒ/ (gold) ; còssi /'kɒsi/ (clay pot).

The diacritic accent

Has three written form, /´/, /`/, /^/, and the latter it is used on the third person singular “essê /ɵ'sɵ/”, (be) to distinguish it from the singular masculine article “es /ɵs/” (the).

Example: ês es cavall /'ɵs ɵs cɵ'vɑʎ/ (It is the horse).

The closed accent is used on the third person singular of the verb to be “éts” to differentiate the masculine article plural “ets”.

Examples: éts es derré /ets ɵs dɵ're/ (are the last); ets ases /ɵts 'ɑzɵs/ (donkeys).

The open accent is used for example on the word “ò” (gold) to differentiate it from the letter “o” conjunctiva.

Examples: es cotxo d’ò /ɵs 'kot͡ʃo dɒ/ (the gold car); axò o allò /ɵ'ʃɒ ɒ ɵ'ʎɒ/ (this or that).

Important

When there are two or more phonetic accents on the same word, the stress is always on the last accentuated syllable.

    Examples: generalment /ʒɵnɵ'ɾal'ment/ (generally); téòric /te'ɒɾik/ (theoretical); baléà /bɵle'ɑ/ (Balearic); periòdicament /pɵriɒdicɵ'ment/ (periodically)

The Catalan accentuation.

       The Catalan language has two types of accentuation, the orthographic accent: Oxytone, paroxytone and proparoxytone, with two written forms: /´/ acute and /`/ grave.

       And the diacritic accent, are two /´/ closed accent and /`/ open accent, to distinguish words with the same spelling but with a different meaning.

Example: nét – net (grandchild – clean); pèl – pel (hair – for him).

Morphosyntactic System.

Independent morphemes and dependent morphemes

The Independent morphemes ar:

Articles.

Singular masculine articles.

Singular feminine article.

Plural masculine article.

Plural feminine article.

Balearic use of articles.

     The articles u, el /u/, /ɵl/” (the) are both used when we want to magnify the name they precede, or when we want to give it an ironic intention.

      Examples: U Papa /u 'pɑpɵ/ (the Pope);

el Réy /ɵl rej/ (the King);

el señó Ministre /ɵl sɵ'ɲo mi'nistrɵ/ (the Sir Minister);

el Mallorca F.C. /ɵl mɵ'ʎɒɾcɵ/ (the Majorca Football Club).

¡Miratêl a n’el réy...! /mirɵ'tɵl ɵ nɵl rej/ (look at the king..! referring to someone who wants to get everything done).

    The article es /ɵs/ (the) is the singular masculine Balearic article par excellence. It is used before all masculine words beginning in consonant. Although it is also the plural par excellence of the Balearic Islands. 
                                                                                                                             
    Examples: es cavall /ɵs cɵ'vɑʎ/ (the horse); es cavalls /ɵs cɵ'vɑʎs/ (the horses)

es cotxo /ɵs 'kot͡ʃo/ (the car); es cotxos /ɵs 'kot͡ʃos/ (the cars)

es pitxé /ɵs pi't͡ʃe/ (the water jug ); es pitxés /ɵs pi't͡ʃes/ (the water jugs )

es réy de ca nostra /ɵs rej dɵ kɑ 'nɒstɾɵ/ (the king our house); es réys de ca nostra /ɵs rejs dɵ kɑ 'nɒstɾɵ/ (the kings our house).

    The article se /sɵ/ (the) is used only with masculine words beginning in a vowel, losing (the article) its vowel due to the liaison.

Examples: s’Impèri /sim'pεɾi/ (the Empire);

s’ase /'sɑzɵ/ (the ass);

s’aygo /'sɑjgo/ (the water).

    The article so /so/ (the) always follows the preposition “emb” /ɵmb/ (with).

Examples: emb so cavall /ɵmb so cɵ'vɑʎ / (with the horse);

emb so guinavet /ɵmb so ginɵ'vɵt / (with the knife).

    The article ne /nɵ/ (the) is used before nicknames beginning in vowel, especially when there is a friendly or familiar link between the speaker and the person addressed. It also loses its vowel due to the liaison.

Examples: n’oreyòtas /noɾɵj'ɒtɵs/ (big ears);

n’Andréu /nɵn'dɾeu/ (the Andrew).

    The article en /ɵn/ (the) is used in the same way as “ne” for names beginning in consonant.

    Examples: es llibre d’en Juan /ɵs 'ʎibrɵ dɵn ʒu'ɑn/ (John´s book), (when the preposition “de” is followed by the article “en”, it can be translated into Spanish by the preposition “de” (of),= El libro de Juan);

en rós /ɵn ros/ (the blond, used either as a nickname or referring to a male animal);

en mux ês un bon al·lot /ɵn muʃ ɵs un bɒn ɵl'lɒt/ (the “mush” (nickname without possible translation) is a good boy).

    The article lo /lo/ (the) is used in the same way as the articles “es” and “se”, or even instead of them.

    Examples: lo cotxo /lo 'kot͡ʃo/ the car;

lo sendemà /lo sendɵ'mɑ / (the next morning);

tireu a l’yare / ti'ɾɵu ɵ 'lɑjɾɵ / (throw into the air);

londemà /londɵ'mɑ / (the following day).

    The article sen /sɵn/ (the) is used only between the prepositions “to” and “of”, and with the expressions “back side”, “right”,   and “front side”.

    Examples: “back to front”; “upside down”; “inside out”, “front side”, “upright”, “the outside”.

a sen revés /ɵ sɵn rɵ'ves/ (upside down);

a sen dret /ɵ sɵn dɾɵt/ (the rigt);

de sen revés /dɵ sɵn rɵ'ves/ (inside out);

de sen dret /dɵ sɵn dɾɵt/ (the rigt);

per sen dret /pɵr sɵn dɾɵt/ (for about, and, in front of);

devés sen dret /dɵ'ves sɵn dɾɵt/ (about);

a sen endret /ɵ sɵn ɵndɾɵt/ (in front of).

    The article la (feminine “the”) is used when we want to emphasize the noun that follows, when we want to give the expression an ironic quality, and of the first hour of the day  and its fractions.

    Examples: la ma /lɵ ma/ (the sea),

la Vèrge /lɵ 'vεrʒɵ/ (the Virgin),

¡mira la bélla dòna!... /'mirɵ lɵ 'beʎɵ 'dɒnɵ/ (Look at the beautiful woman!...);

la una /lɵ 'unɵ/ (one o´clock),

la una y dèu /lɵ 'unɵ i 'dεu/ (one ten).

    The article sa (feminine “the”) is the Balearic singular femenine article par excellence, used before all femenine nouns beginning either with a vowel or a consonant.

    Examples: sa soméra /sɵ so'meɾɵ/ (the she-donkey);

sa ma /sɵ ma/ (the hand);

sa verja /sɵ 'vεɾʒɵ/ (the virgin);

s’igglesi /sig'glɵzi/ (the church).

    The article na (feminine “the”) is used before nicknames, domestic animals´names and Christian names in a familiar or friendly sense.

    Examples: na blanca /nɵ 'blɑnkɵ/ (the white one, referring to a female animal);

na Tonina /nɵ to'ninɵ/ (the Antonia);

na pellusca /nɵ pɵ'ʎuskɵ/ (the pellusca, soubriquet).

    The article las /lɵs/ is used on the denomination of the hours and on those nouns that we want to enhance giving them a superior social category, or speaking with irony.

Examples: las duas d'es mitjdíe / lɵs 'duɵs dɵs mid͡ʒ'diɵ / (two o'clock in the afternoon (p.m.));

las nòu en punt /lɵs 'nɒw ɵn punt/ (nine a.m. on the dot);

las Vèrges /lɵs 'vɛɾʒɵs/ (the Virgins);

¡mira las reynas! /'miɾɵ lɵs 'rejnɵs/ (look at them queens).

      The article sas is the feminine plural article par excellence.

Examples: sas casas /sɵs 'cɑzɵs/ (the houses);

sas dònas /sɵs 'dɒ̯nɵs/ (the womens);

sas claus /sɵs 'klɑws/ (the keys).

      The article ets is used in front of masculine words beginning with a vowel.

Examples: ets ases /ɵts 'ɑzɵs/ (the donkies);

ets abres /ɵts 'ɑbɾɵs/ (the trees);

ets hòmos /ɵts 'ɒmos/ (the mens).

      The article els is the plural masculine article that is used when you want to magnify els ustantivo which it determines.

Examples: els Bisbes /ɵls 'bisbɵs/ (the bishops);

els càlissos /ɵls 'cɑlisos/ (the chalices).

Different use of articles

       As we can see from the sample book, both Both the Spanish and the Balearics use the feminine article on names of the same sex. However, the Catalan, uses the masculine article on same female names.

The Dependent morphemes.

Formation of the Balearic plural (some examples).

    As a general rule, the Balearic plural is formed by adding an -s to the singular.
    The plural femenine is always formed by adding the termination  -as to the noun.

Examples:

es negre /'nɵgrɵ/ (black msc.) > es negres /'nɵgrɵs/;

sa negra /'nɵgrɵ/ (black fm.) > sas negras /'nɵgrɵs/;

cavall /cɵ'vɑʎ/ (horse) > cavalls /cɵ'vɑʎs/;

casa /'cɑzɵ/ (house) > casas /'cɑzɵs/;

bosc /'bɒsk/ (forest) > boscs /bɒsks/.

Words ending in -rt, -nt, -lt, lose their t in their plural form.

Examples: mort /mɒrt/ (late) > mors /mɒɾs/ (lates)

abundant /ɵbun'dɑnt/ (plenty) > abundàns /ɵbun'dɑns/ (plentys)

mòlt /mɒlt/ (milled) > mòls /mɒls/ (milleds)

molt /molt/ (much) > mols /mols/. (very much)

Formation of the Catalan plural (some examples).

In Catalan, the plural is generally formed by adding an -s to the singular. Exception: if the singular femenine ends in atonic “-a”, the “a” becomes “-es”.

Examples:

casa /'kazə/ (house) > cases /'kazəs/;

negra /'nεgrə/ (black fm.) > negres /'nεgrəs/;

negre /'nεgrə/ (black msc.) > negres /'nεgrəs/.

The verbals conjugations

Let us now see the verbal endings and conjugations, of which the Balearic has four types, in contrast with the three conjugations of the Spanish and the Catalan:

Verbal endings

In the Romanic Philology treatise entitled “Lexicon der Romanistischen linguistic”, 1991, page 139, we read as follows: “...in the monosyllabics, the Romanic final “r” disappears in Balearic, stressing that disappearance. In infinitive nouns, the final Romanic “ere” appears when an enclitic pronoun is accompanying the verb.”
Yet, that Romanic final “r” is used in Lemousin, Spanish, Galician, Valencian and Catalan.
The begowned National-Catalanists defend the theory that the infinitives must be written with the final Romance “r” even though it be not pronounced, because the future tense cannot be formed without it.
But when the reasons given to prove a theory are based on false grounds, that theory crumbles itself to pieces, as it is the case.
The fact is that the evolution of the Latin language in the provinces produced what was later called the Romance languages. There was, however, a previous step, the first step to the way out of the mother tongue craddle, during which the Neolatin was formed. But the majority (of scholars), (maybe due to the very few languages that survived), avoid mentioning the Neolatin, or they mention it just as a synonym of the Romance languages. Yet the fact is that the Neolatin survived in some provinces (origin of the Neolatin languages, Carlo Tagliavini), or the Pre-Romance, which is but a transition from the Common Latin to the Romance, widely spread through the works of the Christian priests and monks. The provinces that have kept the original form of the Neolatin endings are: La Provence, the Balearic Islands and Romania.

    And let us now see a sample of the infinitive in the three languages:

  ROMANIAN 		BALEARIC 	PROVENÇAL
  Abandona		Abandonà	Abandouna
  ------------		Abeurà		Abeoura
  Abdica		Abdicà		-------------
  Abjura		Abjurà		-------------
  -----------		Agradà		Agrada
  Abolí                 Abolí		--------------
  ------------		Amagà		Amaga
  Abona		     Abonà		--------------
  -------------	     Alenà		Arena
  Abrevia		Abrevià		--------------
  -------------         Rapà		Arrapa
  Abuza		      Abusà		--------------
  -------------	      Badà		Bada
  Aclama		Aclamà		--------------
  -------------	      Badayà		Badaya
  Aclimatiza		Climatisà	--------------
  -------------	       Barbetjà	         Barbejha
  Acupla		Acoplà		--------------
  -------------	       Bécà		Beca
  -------------         Beure		Beoure
  Acumula		Acumulà		---------------
  --------------	Blanquetjà	Blanquejha,    etc.etc.etc.

    The Great Eciclopaedia Rialp, p.185, says thus of the Balearic language:

“...Among all Romance languages, the Balearic has preserved the most archaic tendency”. A good proof is that the Balearic has kept the diphtong “ei”. Here follows an example in a popular poem dedicated to the authoress of the Normalization Law of the Catalan in the Balearic Islands:

No duguis tant’elegansi,

que sabêm d’hon prosedêis, (come from)

y de tant que presumêis, (show off)

es téu nom fa oló de ransi.

Vas carregada d’ignoransi,

fins a sa rèl de’s cabêys,

escoltand cuatre benêys,

que t’han donada importansi.

        And how it is possible, in Provençal, to form the future tenses from the infinitives without the final Romance “r”, by simply, because adapting orthography to phonetics.

verbe ave in Provençal. (verb to have) (in Baléà is: havê /ɵ'vɵ/).

Pres. Ind.: -ai, -as, -a, -avem, -avès, -an.

Perf. future: aourai, aouras, aoura, aourem, aourès, aouran.

Imperf. future: aouries, aouriès, aouria, aouriem, aouriou, aouríen.

verbe castiga in Provençal. (in Baléà is: castigà /kɵsti'gɑ/).

Futuro Perf.: castigarai, castigaras, castigara, castigarem, castigares, castigaran.

Futuro Perf.: castigaries, castigariès, castigaria, castigariem, castigariou, castigaríen.

    So we have proved the falsehood of the theory that the formation of the future tense is not possible lest the infinitives end in a Romance “r”; and the theory that states the impossibility of suffixing nouns ending in tonic “-e” instead of Romance “r”, as in  the cases of  “ferré, fusté, jardiné”, etc. (blacksmith, carpenter, gardener). 
    It is our opinion that those who defend that theory must have a really acute mind, since, according to the same principle, it could be stated that nouns ending in tonic –a, -e or –u, such as “capità, ple, comú”, (captain, full, common), whose femenines are “capitana, plena, comuna”,  should be written “capitàn, plen, común” in their feminine form. However, it is clear that the final “n” should not be pronounced, because Ferrer´s Romance final “r” must be written but not pronounced. And it is also clear that this rule is acceptable in Catalan but not in Balearic. Because the written Balearic reflects exactly the spoken language of the Balearic people.

    On the other hand, if we accept the loss of the final Romance “-n”, MANU = MÀ, and its reappearance in the plural, “màns”, we must also accept the loss of the Romance “-r” in the infinitives although it reappears when linked to an enclitic pronoun:

Dú > durhó, durhí. Menjà > menjarhó, menjarhí.

    That is why in Balearic the syllable “-ra” is added to form the feminine of nouns ending in tonic “-e”: ferré > ferréra /fɵ'ŗerɵ/, fusté > fustéra /fus'terɵ/, jardiné > jardinéra /žɵrdi'nerɵ/.

    In Balearic, this role can be seen in the surnames: Llabrés, Fornés, Arqués, Sitjàs, Ferrés, Arbonés, Argilés, etc., which are the plural of: llabré (hound), forné (baker), arqué (archer), sitjà  (place of silos), ferré  (blacksmith), argilé (potter), without the final Romance “r”.

Balearic tonic (strong) personal pronouns.

Singular : Jo /žŏ/, tú /tu/, éll /eļ/, élla /'eļɵ/, mí /mi/, sí /si/, emb jò /ɵmb žŏ/, vostê /vŏs'tɵ/.

Plural: noltros /'nŏltros/, noltras /'nŏltrɵs/, voltros /'vŏltros/, voltras /'vŏltrɵs/, vostês /vŏs'tɵs/, élls /eļs/, éllas /'eļɵs/, sí /si/.

Catalan strong personal pronouns

Singular: jo /žŏ, jŏ/, mi /mi/, amb mi /əmb mi/, tu /tu/, ell /ell/, ella /ella/, si /si/, vostè /βus'tε/.

Plural: nosaltres /nu'saltrəs/, vosaltres /βu'saltrəs/, vostès /βus'tεs/, ells /eļs/, elles /'eļəs/, si /si/, nos /nos/, vos /βos/, us /us/.

Balearic atonic (weak) personal pronouns.

Singular: me /mɵ/, em /ɵm/, te /tɵ/, et /ɵt/, el /ɵl/, la /lɵ/, li /li/, lo /lo/, se /sɵ/, es /ɵs/, en /ɵn/, ne /nɵ/, hi /i/, ho /o/, hey /ɵj/.

A neuter: ho /o/, eu /ɵu/.

Plural: mos /mos/, vos /vos/, els /ɵls/, elz /ɵlz/, elza /'ɵlzɵ/, euz /'ɵus/, euza /'ɵuzɵ/, las /lɵs/, lis /lis/, los /los/.

Catalan weak personal pronouns

Singular: em /əm/, ‘m, -me /mə/, m’ , et /ət/, t’ , -te /tə/, ‘t, el /əl/, ‘l, l’, -lo /lo/, la, -la /lə/, ho /u/, -ho /u/, li, -li /li/, es /əs/, s’ -es /əs/, s’, hi, -hi /i/, en /ən/, ‘n, n’, -ne /nə/.

Plural: ens /əns/, ‘ns, -nos /nos/, -vos /βos/, us, -us /us/, els /əls/, -los /los/, ‘ls, les /ləs/, -los /los/, -les /ləs/, els /əls/, es /əs/, s’, ‘s, -se /sə/

Different use of gender in balearic, espanich and catalan

Formation of compound nouns and expressions.

Pronominal expressions:

BALÉÀ --- ESPAÑOL --- CATALÀ

Informauvós --- informaros --- informau-vos-en

S’informin --- se informen --- informa-sin

Trèulamê --- sácamela --- treu-la’m

Escriulasmê --- escríbemelas --- escriu-me-les

THE MORPHOSYNTACTIC DIFFERENCES ARE PLAINLY EVIDENT.

The family Iberian-Italian-Romance language.

      As we can see in the table, the Iberian and Italian Romance languages (Balearic, Italian, Spanish, Galician and Portuguese), evolve by opening the pronunciation of the final unstressed u towards -o, thus losing the enclitic consonant.
       The same occurs in the Latin endings -culum, where the disinencial combination -um, generally in Balearic Islands, is lost in its entirety (-cul). While in Spanish, Galician and Italian only the enclitic consonant is lost, and the unstressed vowel -u- declines in Spanish and Galician towards –o (-culo) with exceptions; while in Italian they are the two vowels -u-u that decline to -o- (-colo).

      The same is true of the Latin endings -tio, -tionis.

      More examples of linguistic affiliation:

The family Iberian-Gallic-Romance language.

        The same earlier Latin endings decline differently.

        Declension of the Latin suffix -trum

        As we can see, the Latin ending -trum declines towards -tre in all those Gallo-Romanesque languages.

        Declension of the Latin suffix -culum

         As we can see, the Latin ending -culum declines towards -cle in all those Gallo-Romanesque languages.

         The same is true of the Latin endings -tio, -tionis.

          Where the declension of the Latin ending -tio, -tionis is different from the Ibero-italo-Romance languages, declining towards -nce, -nces, -esse, -esses.

SEMANTICS

       We all know that if two or more people wish to communicate, they must speak or write and understand the same language. Otherwise it would be impossible for them to understand each other. This is to say, that any type of rational communication will prove impossible for a Spaniard and a foreign person if one of them does not know the language of the other one. However, mutual understanding may occur in spite of none of the speakers knowing each other´s language. It is the case of the Balearic and the Catalan people, who may understand each other without knowing each other´s language in depth. This circumstance is used by the Balearic national-catalanists, who conclude that “if I make myself understood when speaking to Catalan people in Majorcan  and if I understand the Catalans perfectly, it is because the two languages are the same”. But at this point we must remind them that the Balearic people, and especially Majorcan people, have always had the ability of understanding not only the Catalans, but anybody else. Could it be that we still retain some Phoenician blood? The truth being, on the other hand, that it is very difficult for a Catalan to understand a Majorcan speaker; in fact it has always been the initiative of the Catalans to ask the majorcans to switch to Spanish in order to understand what they say!. With the exception of few cultivated people.

    Here we must resort to the field of semantics: the meaning of the word, what the speaker wants the listener to understand. And here follow some examples:

Español : no ponga gasolina con el motor en marcha. (Do not add gasoline with the engine running.)

Baléà : no pòsi vénzina emb so motor en marxa. (Do not add gasoline with the engine running.)

Català : no feu gasolina amb el motor engegat. (Do not add gasoline with the engine running.)

    In Catalan, this sentence does not have the meaning it has in Balearic, the Catalan meaning being “do not fill your petrol tank when the engine is running.” A Balearic speaker would misconstrue “do not make petrol if you have thrown the engine away”.
    Because “feu” in Balearic means “do”, not “put”; and “engegar” in Balearic means “fire somebody”, “give the sack”.

    Another example:

Español: tengo un regalo para tí. (I have a gift for you)

Català : ting un regal per a tú. (I have a gift for you)

Baléà : teng un regalo per tú. (I have a gift for you)

    The Catalan sentence would be given this meaning by a Balearic speaker: “I have a pubis for you”. Because “regal” does not have the same meaning in both languages, it being “pubis” in Balearic and “gift” in Catalan.

    One more example:

Español: Papá se levanta a las ocho y a las nueve mamá. (Dad gets up at eight and Mom at nine.)

Català: El papa es lleva a les vuit y a les nou la mama. (Dad gets up at eight and Mom at nine.)

Baléà: Es papà se xéca a las vuyt y a las nòu sa mamà. (Dad gets up at eight and Mom at nine.)

    The meaning of the sentence in Catalan for a Balearic speaker is: “The Pope gets out of the way at eight and performs a fellatio at ten”. 
    Because “el papa” means “the Pope” in Balearic; “es lleva” in Balearic means “he gets out of the way”, and “la mama”, “la” being direct object pronoun, means “(he) sucks it”.

    The existence of different pronouns, different verbs and different articles is easily noticeable. Thence the misinterpretation of the Catalan by the Balearic speaker. (Nowadays, after eighteen years of Catalanization, there are many young people who understand Catalan, though it  still remains an incomprehensible foreign language for the majority of islanders).
    Thence the importance of Semantics, not only for the comprehension of isolated words, but also, as we have just seen, for the aprehension of their meaning in context.

Let us see some more semantic examples:

Parts of the day: semantic system

BALÉÀ

Sa dematinada, from 3 to 6 dawn, small hours.

Es dematí, from 6 to 12 morning.

Es mitjdía, from 12 to 15 noon.

S’hòrabaxa, from 15 to 18 afternoon.

Es decapvespre, from 18 to 21 evening.

Es vespre, from 21 to 24 towards the night

Sa nit, from 24 to 3 night

          (seven meanings)

ESPAÑOL

La madrugada, from 24 to 6 dawn, small hours.

La mañana, from 6 to 12 morning.

El mediodía, from 12 to 14 noon.

La tarde, from 14 to 21 afternoon-evening.

La noche, from 21 to 24 night.

(five meanings)

CATALÀ

La matinada, from 3 to 6 dawn, small hours.

El matí, from 6 to 12 morning.

El migdia, from 12 to 15 noon.

La tarda, from 15 to 21 afternoon-evening.

La nit, from 21 to 3 night.

(five meanings)

Parts of the week: semantic system

Semantic system of the word GAT (drunk)

Of the word MISSATJE

BALEARIC > Missatje: A young, mature, or middle-aged or old person who works as a farmhand or go-between in a mansion, palace, farm, shop, etc. (an infinite number of meanings).

CATALAN >Missatje: message (message only = one meaning).

of the word MITJÀ

BALEARIC > Mitjà: limestone 5cms, 10 cms, 15 cms, 20cms, or 30cms. Thick; of king´s foot; of emperor, etc. (as many meanings as its measures).

CATALAN > Mitjà: medium; mean(s) of; resources. (Three meanings).

Different use of gender

      In the given examples, it is noticeable that the Spanish and the Balearic use the feminine article with feminine nouns, whilst in Catalan the masculine article is used with those feminine nouns.

    From the above mentioned philological samples of a comparison between the Spanish, Balearic and Catalan languages, it is clear that they are three different languages, although undoubtedly branches of a common tree. In which comparison, however, we detect more philological similarities between the Spanish and the Catalan than between the Balearic and the Spanish. With the exception of the phonetic field, though not so in the phonologic system. 
    Being the Balearic such an archaic language; which amounts to say, being it a Neolatin language that has survived until the XXth century, which makes it more than a thousand years old, we should not permit it to disappear and be supplanted by the Catalan through the linguistic immersion that has in fact been taking place in the Balearic Islands since 1983 as a result of a politician´s whim.
    I think it is time to set the record straight in The Balearic Islands, both from a historical and a linguistic point of view, as it is also time that our politicians give up  outdated imperialistic approaches.
    We have proved that the History of the Balearic Islands, or at least most of it, is not what we have been told by those historians who were supposed to be invested with a certain baggage of objectivity and scientific methodological rigour. However, it is clear that any type of investigation entails the possession of great patience. And that patience is scarce among our modern scholarly historians.

    But in spite of all that, one must not conclude that the philologists and the National-Catalanist linguists adopt a different approach from that of the historians; in fact, whenever they are told that the Balearic is a different language (different from the Catalan), they reply that “This is a theory opposed to the scientific truth accepted by everybody”. (Diario de Mallorca. Linguistic Standardization Campaign. Ana Moll, 21-9-1992) (A declaration that takes place some long 12  years after the XVlth Romanic Philology and Linguistic International Congress).

    Another declaration came from doña María Barceló, Doctor of History, who stated that “Those who deny the Catalan roots of our culture simply do that due to their ignorance or with a wicked intention” (Diario Baleares. Mallorca en Baleares. September 19, 1990. Palma).

    And we finish this series of drastic comments with the words of Carme Riera, Fiction National Prize (El día del Mundo, Cultura, December 1995), who (15 years after the above mentioned Congress) said: “I think it is absurd to question the unity of the Catalan language, and those who question it do not have their feet on the ground”.

However, we dare say that in this essay we have proved such statements to be false and distorted, and we shall validate our opinion with the following facts.

The 16th Romance Philology and Linguistics International Congress

    The 16th Romance Philology and Linguistics International Congress took place in Majorca from the 7th to the 12th of April 1980. It was sponsored by the “SOCIÉTÉ DE LINGUISTIQUE ROMANE”, and organized by the “Cátedra  Ramón Llull” of the  University of Barcelona and the “Estudi General Lul.lià” of Palma. A document was presented for the signature of the 723 congressmen from all over the world, in which it was said that the undersigned were opposed to the linguistic maneuvers of cessation of the Catalan language in Valencia with arguments devoid of any scientific foundation.
     Well, only 36 congressmen signed it.

(sic) DOCUMENT

Les romanistes soussignés, participant au XVI Congrès International de Linguistique et Philologie romanes, manifestent leur satisfaction des progrès récemment obtenus par la langue catalane sur la voie de la normalisation avec la création de nouveaux centres de recherche, l’incorparation de la langue aux divers degrés de l’enseignement, la multiplication des publications et autres manifestations culturelles, bien que l’on n’atteigne pas encore les moyens de communication social avec l’intensité souhaitable. Nous regrettons, néanmoins, les tentatives de sécession idiomatique effectuées au Pays Valencien par certains groupes de presion pour des raisons dépourvues de tout fondement scientifique. Le catalán, comme n’importe quelle langue, a sa propre structure; bien définie, et les romanistes de ce XVI Congrès considèrent comme inacceptables ces tentatives de fragmentation linguistique.

Majorque, avril 1980

(Translation) DOCUMENT

    The undersigned Romance language Specialists attending the 16th Romance Philology and Linguistic International Congress, manifest their content with the progress lately made by the Catalan language through its Standardization, with the creation of  new investigation centres, the presence of the language at the different levels of teaching syllabuses, the variety of publications and other cultural manifestations, although it has not reached the desired level of intensity in the means of social communication (mass media). On the other hand, we regret the linguistic secession attempt by certain pressure groups in the Valencian Country, whose reasons cannot be based on any scientific grounds. The Catalan has its own, well defined structure as a language, and the Romance specialists attending this 16th Congress see those linguistic fragmentation attempts as unacceptable.

Majorca, April 1980.

Signatories: Iorgu Iordan (Bucarest). Max Pfister (Saarbrücken). Giuseppe Tavani (Roma). Veiko Väänänen (Helsinki). Eugenio Coseriu (Tübingen). Isaac Salum (Säo Paulo). Max W. Wheeler (Liverpool). Pierre Bec (Poitiers). Mario Wandruszka (Salzburg). Herber Peter (Viena). Helmut Lüdtke (Kiel). Luis F. Lindley Cintra (Lisboa). Artur Greive (Köln). Celso Ferreira da Cunha (Rio de Janeiro). Udo I. Figge (Bochum). Madeleine Tyssens (Liège). Brigitte Schelieben-Lange (Frankfurt). Giuliano Gasca Queirazza (Torino). Manuel de Paiva Boléo (Coimbra). Gaston Dulong (Québec). Giuseppe Grilli (Napoli). Maria Grossmann (Cosenza). Xavier Ravier (Toulouse). Cesare Segre (Pavia). Sofia Kantor (Jerusalem). Michael Metzeltin (Groningen). Félix Lecoy (Paris). Georges Straka (Strasbourg). Kurt Baldinger (Heidelberg). Gerold Hilty (Zürich). Alberto Vérvaro (Napoli). Georg Kremnitz (Münster). Kristin A. Müller (Salzburg). Alberto Limentani (Padova). Albert Henry (Bruxelles). Aimo Sakari (Finlandia).

    A total of 36 (thirty-six) signatories; which means that only 36 scientists agreed on the text of the document. And what was more meaningful, from the group of the Scientific Committee itself, only 7 (seven) signed the document.
    Which means that what the national-Catalanists call “All the scientific world” is in fact reduced to only 36 scientists. 
    Then those who really represent the absolute majority of the Romance scientific world, if not the totality, the 687 remaining scientists, once they have not accepted the unacceptable national-Catalanist theories, they do not count, as if they had never existed, as if they had never attended the Congress. Odd...Isn´t it?
    However, in the year 2003, 23 years after that Congress, they still maintain that “to deny the unity of the Catalan language amounts to being against the opinion of all the scientific world”.
    And if they are told that only 36 sientists accept that “all”, (Balearic, Valencian and Catalan) is the same language, they reply that “None of the others has made a negative declaration”.
    So the question arises: What answer can there be to the reasoning of minds so acute?...
    You are kindly invited to think of an appropriate answer, for such display of eloquence has rendered us astounded and speechless.

However, we came to the conclusion that from a linguistic as well as from a historical approach, the Balearic language is not, neither has it ever been, a dialect of the Catalan language.

    1 and 2.  Book of Minutes of the 16th Romance  Philology and Linguistic International Congress. Editorial Moll. Palma 1982.

BALEARIC, ROMANCE LANGUAGE

It is very curious to observe that in all textbooks when the origin of the pre-Roman, neo-Latin or Romance Languages is studied, no mention at all is ever made of the language originally spoken in the Mallorca Kingdom. We can find references to the Tartesian language spoken in western Andalucía and southern Portugal. We can find references to the Iberic language spoken in eastern Andalucía, eastern coast of Spain (present Valencia) and Ebro valley. References to the Basc language spoken in the Basc country and south-west of France. References to the Celtiberic language spoken in Burgos, Logroño, Navarra, Soria, Guadalajara, western Zaragoza and Teruel. Reference to the Visigothic language etc, etc. However nothing is mentioned about the original language spoken in the Balearic Islands; as if it had never previously existed, as if the Balearic Islands had always been uninhabited before the arrival of the Muslims in the 10th century. Not ceasing to be even more curious to observe how linguists of all time, have accepted the theory that the speech of the inhabitants of the Balearic Islands dates back to 1229, with the conquest of the Kingdom of Mallorca by Jaime I de Aragón which dogma of faith. But, however, Archaeology, Ethnology, us forward towards a permanent population since at least 1200 BC without interruption. However, just taking for reference the Classical Historiography we must undoubtedly proclaim some evident statements: that some kind of language was spoken by the famous Balearic slingshotters when they were so deeply praised as being excellent fighters by Anibal or Julius Caesar, among others.
The purpose of the present article is to prove the existence of the original Balearic language, clearly differenced from any other, and to give a full account of its existence through diacronic.
Therefore, without going into analyzing the evolutionary process of the human species, it is quite true that the person from birth has the gift of words, through which they communicate with their peers and order the world that surrounds them. And as a result of the daily use of that language over many centuries, which at first were nothing more than a more or less extensive vocabulary, is enriched by the creation of its structure with words that do not vary when it comes to constructing sentences. spoiled. And that structure, the more isolated it is over time, the less changes it will experience, staying closer to its roots.
The linguistic evolution of European languages has always been studied from the perspective of terrestrial migrations with its Indo-European linguistic background; not taking into account at all, the migrations of speakers in Semitic languages, which, expanding by sea, settled on almost the entire Mediterranean coast. Doing it in the Balearic Islands in 1200 BC. (Juan Dameto, Vicente Mut - 1840), fifty years after the fall of Troy before the Achaeans; of Mycenae and Knossos before the Peoples of the Sea, and 800 years before the creation of Rome.
For this reason, we can assure you that the history of the Balearic language does not begin with the conquest of the kingdom of Mallorca by Jaime I of Aragon, Count of Barcelona and Lord of Montpellier, as we have been assured for too many years, since all the Catalan History and Language Departments. Therefore, we must ask ourselves the following question: Where did the first and successive inhabitants of the Balearic Islands come from?
The answer is simple if we look at the migratory movements during the Ancient Age; where the great migrations have always come from, from the Levant. From there they arrived by sea by the route known as the route of the islands, the builders of buildings of a cyclopean character, who, coming from the Middle East, passed through Turkey, Greece, southern and central Italy, Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, the Balearic Islands, south, west and north of the Iberian Peninsula, reaching the Casitérides Islands and Denmark, leaving their culture and language beyond that, since in all those places there were significant settlements (Javier Aramburu-Zabala, 1994 p.17). These cyclopean constructions are called in the Balearic Islands "talayot" [tɵlɵjɒt]. Word is of Iberian origin. Well, having been shown that Basque (Euskera) is the evolution of the old Iberian, as described by Jorge Alonso (1996), we find in that language (Euskera) the word "talaia" [ta'laia] which means guard post . And with the same semantics we find it in the Balearic language: talaya [tɵ'laʝɵ]. Being «talayot» [tɵlɵʝɒt] a derivative of the first, since the suffix morpheme –ot [ɒt] in Balearic is an augmentative / derogatory:

        Homonot   [omonɒt]:  big and ungraceful man.
        Cotxot    [kot͡ʃɒt]:  larger-than-normal vehicle and exaggerated lines.
        Talayot   [tɵlɵjɒt]: watchtower of great proportions and very rough construction.

      From what language was the speech of the Talayotics derived then? It is not known with certainty, since only several women's names have been found by inscriptions found on tombstones from Roman times, and with Latin spelling, since as is known the Balearic slingers were handwritten, whose meaning or linguistic relationship has not yet been possible. be established with exactness, as far as possible that its roots are Indo-European, although they have been dated as proper names of the Talayotic culture, as indicated by Javier Aramburu, Carlos Garrido and Vicens Sastre, (1994, p.24). These are: Cucuma, Cuduniu, Isaptu, Norisus. Likewise, there is another relationship with proper names, also taken from Roman tables and funeral inscriptions, whose linguistic affiliation is also not clear (Javier Aramburu, 2007 pp. 175-192. Cristóbal Veny, CSIC 1965): Aspro, Cloi, Clodia, Paditu , Uniuis.
       We also find in the toponymy and in Balearic speech the suffixes: -itx, -utx, -itxol, -utxol, [-it͡ʃ, -ut͡ʃ, -it͡ʃɒl, -ut͡ʃɒl]. Of which we have not yet found any linguistic affiliation, (since Arabic uses -txí: Marratxí = the one who is from Marrakech). Which give us a filiation of membership or relationship with respect to the root. And so we have for example:

      With the suffix -utx:
                           Fornalutx  [foɽnɵ'lut͡ʃ]	>  relative to the forge or place of forges.
                           Ferrutx    [fɵ'rut͡ʃ]	>  relative to iron or iron place.
                           Artrutx    [ɵɽ'tɽut͡ʃ] 	>  relative to Arta (Greek population).
                           Porrorutx  [porο'ɽut͡ʃ]	>  relative to the leek or place of leeks.

      With the suffix -itx:
                           Andraitx [ɵn'dɽɑjt͡ʃ]     >   those of Andros (Greece).
                           Balitx [bɵ'lit͡ʃ]         >   those of Baal (Phoenician god).
                           Costitx [cos'tit͡ʃ]       >   those on the coast.
                           Castellitx [cɵstɵ'ʎit͡ʃ]  >   those of the castle.
                           Felanitx [fɵlɵ'nit͡ʃ]     >   those of the Felan clan. Or also: place of wolves.
                           Favàritx [fɵ'vɑɽit͡ʃ]     >   those of Favara (Sicily).
                           Fartàritx[fɵr'tɑɽit͡ʃ]    >   those of Farta (Ethiopia).

        The minor toponym Felanitx has two meanings of the same linguistic root. For felan comes from the proto-Germanic "folijana"; which we find in Old High German as "fuolen" with the meaning of: caress; which when passing to the Celtic languages as "faol" modified its meaning to that of: wolf; and as a diminutive derivative: "faolain" which means wolf cub. A clan by the name of Felan is documented in the history of Ireland in 300 AD (Nora Kershaw, 1970). So it is not at all unreasonable to think that Celts with that name and contemporaries of our Balearic slingers, having served together in the armies of Rome, settled and settled in what is now the town of Felan (-itx) on the island of Majorca.
       However, there are researchers who claim that this place name comes from the Latin word: fenum (hay). Fenàs [fɵ'nɑs] in Balearic. But as can be seen, the supposed evolution of the consonants «n-s-m» of fenum towards the final word: felan lacks a phonological foundation. Therefore, and taking into account that the presence of Celtic colonizers in Mallorca and Menorca has been demonstrated (Álvaro Campaner, 1875), we are inclined towards their Celtic origin.

With the suffix –itxol / -utxol:

Portitxol [poɽti'͡t͡ʃɒl] > the one from the port, or small port.

Andritxol [øndɽi'͡t͡ʃɒl] > the one from Andraitx.

Costitxol [costi'͡t͡ʃɒl] > the one from Costitx.

Ferrutxol [fɵru'͡t͡ʃɒl] > the one from Ferrutx.

        There are also place names that we have not yet been able to obtain their possible linguistic affiliation, in the study phase on our part, although without ruling out that they may be exclusive to the ancestral Balearic Islands:

Atàlitx [ɵ′tɑlit͡ʃ]

Trebaluge [tɾɵbɵ'luʒɵ]

Trepicó [tɾɵpi'ko]

Cugullut [kugu'ʎut]

Matzoc [mɵ't͡sɒk]

Taujà [tɵu'ʒɑ] etc.

         As well as a varied vocabulary that we have not been able to find out, at the moment, its linguistic affiliation, so it is most likely that they are typical of the ancestral Balearic:

uxol [u'ʃɒl] > mason tool

oy [ɒj] > revulsion

tastà [tɵs'tɑ] > sample

brollà [bɾo'ʎɑ] > well

caramel·là [kɵɾɵmɵl'lɑ] > crayfish

robiol [robi'ɒl] > sweet stuffed bun

crespell [kɾɵs'peʎ] > sweet cookie

cocarròy [kocɵ'rɒj] > vegetable stuffed bun

taujà [tɵu'ʒɑ] > from the town of Santa Eugenia

bordona [boɾ'donɵ] > nickname (no meaning) etc., etc., etc.

HEBREW SUBSTRATE

       Later, already in the 6th century BC. date of the first diaspora caused by Nebuchadnezzar, the Israelites arrived in Phoenician ships. The Balearics gradually adopting their religion and customs, some of which have survived to date throughout the Balearic Islands.For example, the way of celebrating Easter, where in the Balearic Islands the instructions given by Moses to the Israelites on the day are followed. before the departure from Egypt, that is, the day before Pesha. And that's how it is done on Holy Saturday, Easter Eve, except for painting the jambs with blood and burning the bones, we kill a lamb and that night they have dinner (after midnight to comply with the Christian precept not to eat meat on Friday or Holy Saturday) of "frit de Pasco" composed only of the entrails of the lamb, seasoned with bitter herbs (fennel, sautéed, bay leaf and garlic), and since the discovery of America, also with potatoes; that Saturday individual empanadas (of the shape and size typical of the Balearic Islands) are prepared with lamb meat, these being tasted on Easter day; not being used to having lunch or dinner that day other than empanadas emulating the lunches and dinners that the Israelites made in their flight; and they are accompanied with some unleavened bread sweets, shaped like a six pointed or round star emulating the Star of David, called «crespells» [kɽɵs'peʎs], as well as other delicacies called «robiols» [robi'ɒls] . And not only that, but the famous Mallorcan "ensaimada" is nothing more than a derivative of the Hebrew sweet called "challah - לחלה" with the same spiral shape and that is taken at the Rosch Hashana party dinner. (Own research).

      On the linguistic plane, we have Jewish origin in living speech, since we have not received documents written in vernacular from the times before the 13th century, the traditional proper names of the Balearic Islands: Bartoméu, Bêt, Bièl, Elías, Gaspà, Mikèl , Maddalena, María, Messià, Messiana, Juan, Juana, Rafèl, Simó, Simona, Siòn, Tomàs, Tomassa, Toméu, etc., etc. All of them of Jewish origin. (Tornic Dictionary of de names - 2001).
      It is to mean here that the typical proper names of Catalan culture are of Germanic origin: Enric, Albert, Alfons, Ernest, Ferràn, Marc, Ricard, etc. And that of women: Montserrat, Assumpta, Neus, Lidia, etc .; not being used in the Balearic Islands in a significant way until the 20th century. That is to say, until this century, some inhabitants of the Balearic Islands did not begin to register their children with them, due to Catalan indoctrination in schools, institutes, University and the media, endorsed by political power, carried out since the approval of the Statute of Autonomy only with the vote of the "representatives" of the Balearic people in 1983; Unbelievable, but unfortunately true!
       All this, at the same time, represents one more link that destroys the fallacy that the kingdom of Mallorca was repopulated by Catalans after 1229, since if that had been the case, we would have used the same proper names as them, since they are their direct descendants and have they that custom.

Returning to our thesis, we know that in the Middle Ages and well into the Modern Age, the notaries and the Clergy, not having knowledge of the origin of certain local names and taking advantage of the illiteracy of the Balearic people, inscribed them with another of similar phonetics or that in their opinion seemed to them more approximate to the originals, and thus they inscribed the proper names of:

Toméu (from hebrew ע מ י ת, through greek Τoμεoς) as: Bartholomew

Bar Toméu (son of Toméu) as: Bartholomew

Tòfol (of the Phoenician Tobal) as: Bartholomew

Tolo (of de greek Τhoλoς) as: Bartholomew

Bêt (of hebrew ב) as: Elisabeth

       When it turns out that, Bartholomew, comes from the Greek Βαρτολομεος which in turn comes from the Hebrew “ע למֶ ת בַר”.
       And so until our days when they are registered as such, but nevertheless among them they continue to be called, Toméu, Bar Toméu, Tòfol, Tolo and Bêt, for the simple reason that this is their family tradition of hundreds of centuries, al margin of how the Administration registers them. Other words of Hebrew origin used only in the Balearic Islands (Dicc. Hebrew-Spanish, 2001):

Caparrot: having a bad head. It comes from the Jewish celebration called "כֶפֶרת" Kapparah.

Tau: plumb line in the shape of a T. Which is also the Hebrew name for the letter T «ת».

Barriona: «בַר יענ ؞ ש», nickname of a family from Montuiri. It is the deformation of the Hebrew name Bar Jonah, which means: son of Jonah = יונה בר

Kenày: nickname of a family from Montuíri. From the Hebrew Kenah, a town in Galilee near Nazareth.

Montuíri: hybrid toponym made up of the Latin noun "montis" and the Hebrew adjective Urim: "ורי", which means from Ur (Mesopotamia). The Latin noun should have been put before the Roman colonization, leaving the place name as: Montis Urim. But over the centuries there has been a metathesis of its intermediate letters, in addition to the loss of the "m" of the Hebrew plural "im". With which the final toponym that we know today is: Montuíri. Being defined its semantics as: the mountain of those who are from Ur. (Tornic Dictionary of de names - 2001)

       Other place names and names of clearly Hebrew origin:

Galilèa minor toponym, from Hebrew Galil: גליל

Galatzó geographical toponym, from Hebrew gal ha Tzu: דזה גל יש

Orient minor toponym, from Hebrew: מזרח

Magalluf minor toponym, from Hebrew Magal el Aluf: הראש סביב

Montissiòn Hybrid Latin and Hebrew geographic toponym: Montis + Siòn: הר ציון

Salóm typical surname of the Balearic Islands, from the Hebrew Shalom: שלום

Sossías typical surname of the Balearic Islands, from the Hebrew Jossías: יאשיהו

Torà minor toponym, from Hebrew Torá: תורה

        Unique place names in Western Europe, denoting a strong Hebrew colonization of the Balearic Islands, which could not happen after 1229, since the reconquerors of the army of Don Jaime I were Christians, old Christians.
        All the aforementioned debunks the supposed and taken for granted by all the Catalan History and Language Departments, false repopulation of the kingdom of Mallorca by Catalans after 1229, since Catalan ethnology is German-Christian, not Jewish. And of course, if there was neither repopulation nor Catalan colonization, as we are showing, there is no Catalan language that is valid in the Balearic Islands, as we will demonstrate diachronically later. Well, languages spread and settle with people, especially in the Middle Ages.

GREEK SUBSTRATE

        In this same 6th century BC. The Greeks also arrived, making settlements that also left their linguistic background, with words located in place names or common nouns such as shoe names, etc. (Juan Dameto, 1840; Juan J. Amengual 1872):

Pentalèu > Πεντα λαος (five towns) geographical toponym.

Artà > Αρτα (Greek city) minor toponym.

Andraitx > Άνδρου minor toponym.

Roella > ρoέα common poppy.

Atapins > Ταπινοςις type of footwear.

Clifa > Kολιφιον braised bread.

Estada > σταθμός block, stay.

Dictions and place names in full use in the present XXI century.

IBERIAN SUBSTRATE

       Only with those samples that we have just seen, we can get an idea of how they spoke in the Balearic Islands; until in 123 BC The "sermo vulgaris" landed with the conquest and colonization of the archipelago by Quintus Cecilio Metellus, and its subsequent conversion into a Roman province. But also with Quinto Cecilio the Iberian came to us, as he brought 300 Iberian-Basque families from the peninsula to populate the great plain in the center of Mallorca: Lluch Majó and Campos.
       And so we have that from that time a series of dictions have been kept alive, which only have their correspondence in basque, and which the rest of peninsular Romance languages also lack. Given that basque is the linguistic evolution of the Iberian, as Jorge Alonso -1996 asserts, who thanks to the former has been able to translate the untranslatable, to date, Iberian petroglyphs. Being, among others (Michel Braveheart, 2006; Dicc. Euskara-gastelania, 2002):

pitxé [pi′t͡ʃe] -pitcher; in basque: pitxar -pitcher

Mendía [mɵn′diɵ] -geographical toponym; in basque: mendia -the mountain

Garau [ɣɵ′ɾɑw] -last name; in basque: garau -big man

Garí [ɣɵ′ɾi] -last name; in basque: gari -wheat

Ayna [′ɑjnɵ] -own name; in basque: Ainoa -minor place name

jac [ʒɑk] -jacket; in basque: jake -jacket

curucull [kuɾu′kuʎ] -ridge; in basque: kukula -ridge

cucurutxa [kuku′ɾut͡ʃɵ] -whooping cough; in basque:kukutxeztul -whooping cough

       Likewise, the Balearic language also has suffixes derived from the Basques: -rro, -rra. Being the Balearic Islands: -rra, -arro, -arra. (Juan J. Amengual - 1872 and ALLBA - 2005). For example: Homo-n-arro = big man; dona-rra = woman; ca-n-arro = great dog; mox-arro = big cat, etc.

LATIN ADSTRATE

      Entering in relation to Latin, the "sermo vulgaris", we see how its evolution in the Balearic Islands is different from that of its closest relatives. Although it retains evolutionary affinities with Italian, Gascon, Béarnaise, Sardinian and Provencal. And structural with the Iberian Romance languages.
      And so we have that, as we have already pointed out at the beginning, in addition to the determinants derived from: «ille, illa, illud» (el, la, lo, las) used by all of Romania except Sardinian, Balearic also has the derivatives from: «ipse, ipsa, ipsum» (es, ets, sa, sas, so, sos). To which must be added the personal items "en y na". Conforming the following set of determinants: el, la, lo, es, ets, so, sos, sa, sas, en, na (Juan J. Amengual -1872 and ALLBA -2005). That neither the Valencian, nor the Provençal, nor the Occitan, nor the Limousin, nor the Gascon, nor the Béarnais, nor the Catalan have their closest relatives.
      The Indo-European diphthongs, well preserved in archaic Latin, and which are becoming monophthonguized in the emerging Romance languages, such as the diphthong -ei- which, from: deico is monoptonguized in -i-> dico. We find him alive as is in Balearic speech, inserted in the adjective and pronoun «aquéis» [ɵcéis]; and with a phonetic evolution of closed e [e], ae neutral [ɵ], in the second person singular of the present indicative of the verbs: prosedí (proceed), presumí (presume), lluí (shine), partí (depart ), merexe (to merit), conexe (to know), say (to say) etc., whose ending in all of them is: -eis.

you proceed > prosedêis [pɾozɵ'dɵis]

you presume > presumêis [pɾɵzu'mɵis]

You deserve > merêis [mɵ'rɵis]

you shine > lluêis [ʎu'ɵis]

you know > conêis [ko'nɵis]

     It is also a tendency of the Balearic Islands to geminate certain consonants that favor their sweet and musical pronunciation. Thus we verify that, as in Italian, Balearic, in most Latin voices that use the consonant combination «-ct-» in interdiction, the Latin «c» evolves towards «t» (Dec. Latino-español, 2008 ; Dic. Grijalbo Italiano-Spagnolo, 1990; Dic. Catalan Language, 1995):

     It is also very significant that Balearic, like Latin, has four verb conjugations. Not so the rest of continental Romance languages that are reduced to three. Being their corresponding endings:

      In reference to the evolution of the Latin vowels a, e, i, o, u, / a, e, i, o, u /, the Balearic, with great influence from Greek, doubles the vowels a and o, and triples the vowel e . This means that when it comes to orthographically differentiating their sounds, we must resort to the punctuation of the three known accents: acute or closed accent / ´ / on the vowels closed in acute or esdrújula syllable: é, í, ó, ú / e, i, o, u /. Grave or open accent / `/ on open vowels in acute or esdrújula syllable: à, è, ò / ɑ, ɛ, ɒ /. And circumflex or double accent / ^ / on neutral vowels in acute or esdrújula syllable: â, ê / ɵ /. The Balearic vowel trapezoid remains as follows , after a recent phonetic study carried out by Members of the Acadèmi de sa Llengo Baléà, on the speech of the majority of the Balearic population with the same form of articulation, which is concentrated in the towns of Palma de Mallorca, Manacò, Esporlas, Valldemossa, Buñòla, Puigpuñent, Estellêncs, Algayda, Lluch Majó, Deyà, and Andraitx.

       Another that Balearic perfectly distinguishes unstressed vowels o and u: coní [ko'ni], fogí [fo'ʒi], posició [pozisi'o], municipal [munisi'pal]. Whereas Catalan does not differentiate between unstressed o and u, and always pronounces u: conill [ku'niʎ], posició [puzisi'o].Likewise, Balearic language perfectly distinguishes the consonants b and v, maintaining the phonemes / b / and / v / respectively [b], [v]: cavall [cɵ'vaʎ], cabessa [cɵ'bɵsɵ], vinaté [vinɵ'te].
      
        We have another point in the determinants; that the Balearic has 22:

Masculine singular: es, en, el, lo, ne, se, so, u, sen.

Plural masculine: es, ets, sos, els. Feminine singular: sa, na, la.

Feminine plural: sas, las.

Deter. undefined: un, uns, una, unas.

Let's now look at the personal pronouns:

jo, tú, éll, éll, élls, éllas, noltros, noltras, voltros, voltras, vostês, vos, sí, me, em, emb jo, mos, te, et, la, li, lo, el, ell, elz, elza, euz, euza, las, lis, los, se, es, emb sí matex, en ne, hey, eu, hi, ho.

         Our studies on the evolution of the Balearic language from Latin as an independent Romance language, have given us that said language is a pure Romance language, and that it has to be framed within the group of Italian-Iberian-Romance languages due to its affinity evolutionary with the two sub-families Italian and Iberian Romanesque.

Evolution of the Latin ending –trum:

         As we can see in the table, the Iberian and Italian Romance languages (Balearic, Italian, Spanish, Galician and Portuguese) evolve by opening the pronunciation of the final unstressed u towards -o, thus losing the enclitic consonant.
         The same occurs in the Latin endings -culum, where the disinencial combination -um, generally in Balearic Islands, is lost as a whole (-cul). While in Spanish, Galician and Italian only the enclitic consonant is lost, and the unstressed vowel -u- declines in Spanish and Galician towards –o (-culo) with exceptions; while in Italian they are the two vowels -u-u that decline to -o- (-colo).

The same is true of the Latin endings -tio, -tionis.

GERMAN SUPERSTRATE

   (Silings Vandals)

          As is known, the Balearic Islands were part of the Vandal empire from 465 AD to 534 AD, composed of: the Maghreb, Andalusia, the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Corsica and Sicily. Their language, from the East Germanic group, did not have much influence on the Balearic language due to their short stay in the archipelago, 69 years. However, we find documented female names with Germanic roots: Agunda, Brunisenda, Elisenda, Ermesinda, Ersenda, Gerunda. (Antonio Roig, 1984 p.187). Also today, in the Balearic living speech the following dictions are found:

Frau /fɾɑw/ > from the Germanic Frawi = lady, mistress (this has become a surname in the Balearic Islands)

Endivi /ɵn'divi/ > from the Germanic Endivie = endive

Boc /bok/ > from Germanic Bock = male goat

Fresc /fɾɵsc/ > from the Germanic Frech / Frisk = fresh

Espora /ɵs'poɾɵ/ > from Germanic Spori = spur

Also the Balearic has alive the Germanic suffix –ingo; which in the Balearic Islands is diminutive-affective-affectionate: Moxingo (kitten), pollingo (chick), caningo (puppy), etc.
All this in the absence of a more in-depth investigation, which can bring to light the Germanic substratum of the current Balearic Islands, and which do not contain the rest of Spanish languages; whose substrates derive from Visigothic speech, (which, although different is the sister of Vandal speech, since both belong to East Germanic), and Celtiberian. Note however, that the Visigoths were the ones who populated the northeast and center of the Iberian Peninsula. In other words, what is Catalonia and the two Castiles. In fact, the Usatges of Barcelona, which would later be called Catalonia, were a compilation of the Gothic Laws that governed the county of that name since its creation in 802, and which Jaime I recast with Roman law and renamed them like the Usatges of Cathalonia. Which shows the Visigothic ancestry of the Catalans. Very different from that of the Balearic Islands, which is typically eastern Mediterranean. As confirmed by the genetic studies of the team led by Mark Jobling, 2008, who have shown that even today, in the Balearic Islands, one of every five men is of Jewish descent, a percentage that exceeds the Spanish national average, which is one of every ten. To which we must add in the Balearic Islands that one in every fifteen is of Muslim descent. As well as that 6% of the population of the island of Ibiza conserves Phoenician genes, according to the studies carried out by Misericordia Ramón and Antonia Picornell, 2008.

With the aggravating factor, that if we stick to the corpus of family anthroponyms exhibited by the current inhabitants of the Balearic Islands, we find that 22'95% are native islanders, compared to 71'75% of Castilian and Navarrese, already so only 5.30% of Catalans, and 1% of foreigners. (Michael Braveheart, 2006). All the more reason to state categorically that there was never any repopulation of Catalans in the kingdom of Mallorca.

GALORROMANIC SUPERSTRATE

      The Occitan-Provençal legacy is framed in the historical context, with the settlement at the end of the 8th century, specifically in 799, (three years before the Carolingian Emperor conquered Barcelona from the Arabs), of a considerable contingent of Occitan people Provençal, arrived with the army sent by Carlo Magno to help the Balearic Islands against the first Arab invasion attempt. (Eginhardo - 833; Juan Dameto - 1840; Mikèl Garau - 2012).
      As a result of the triumph of the Carolingian army under the command of Armengol, Count of the recently created county of Ampurias, the natives of these lands swore Carlo Magno as King of the Balearic Islands. After his death in 814, he inherited the Balearic kingdom together with that of Italy, his grandson Bernardo. And so on until the Arab conquest in 902, when Majorcans who had the means to escape, colonized the Empordà coastline, for two reasons: one, because Barcelona, a city and county located at a smaller distance, was on the border with the Arab empire. And two, because only in the Ampurdán there were natural ports where they could shelter their boats, since on the Barcelona coast they are all beaches. As a result, only in that area of Catalonia do we speak with articles derived from "ipse, ipsa, ipsum".
       Due to the Aquitan-Provençal settlement in the Balearic Islands, dictions such as: gabi, elegant, menud, menuda, menudería, sensê, etc. etc.

Possibly the introduction into Balearic speech of the endings -anci, -ènci, -ansi, -ènsi, which are the natural declination of Latin -antia, -entia, in the Provençal, Béarnese and Gascon languages (Dec. Gascon-française, 1863; Dec. Provençal-française, 1839; Dec. Bearnés, 1887):

However, the peninsular languages decline the same endings to: -ancia, -encia.

Spanish: abundancia, consistencia, dependencia, eloquencia, estancia, etc. Catalan: abundància, consistència, dependència, eloqüència, estancia, etc.

ARAB SUPERSTRATE

       Regarding the legacy of the Arabic language, we must indicate that it is indeed that language and not any of the exits after the 13th century in North Africa, called Moroccan, Algerian and Tunisian. Well, Almoravid Arabs were the first to settle in the Balearic Islands; over a period of 301 years. While the Maghreb-speaking Almohads only ruled the kingdom of Mallorca for 27 years; more than insufficient time to influence the language of the islanders.

      Due to this, in the Balearic language the classical Arabic diphthong / ay /> [aj] («Bayyäsa» = Baeza) is kept alive in many dictions eg (Dic. Mallorquín-Castilian-Latin, 1872):

      The following dictions that live Catalan lacks also persist in live Balearic speech. Well, although many of them have been plundered from Mallorcan, Menorcan and Ibiza dictionaries and vocabularies, by the Lexicography commission of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans, in combination with the co-author of the "Diccionari Català-Valencià-Balear", the philologist Mr. Francesc de Borja Moll from approximately 1970, and later by the Catalan Language Department of the University of the Balearic Islands until 1995, when they began to be included in the new edition of the dictionary of the Catalan language, as a proper Catalan lexicon. Which is entirely false because Catalan lacks its own Arab superstratum, since the one it has has been influenced by Castilian-Aragonese. If we review its history we will see that the territories that make up Catalonia, after the fall of the Roman Empire, were heavily colonized by barbarian Goths, Visigoths and Alans. And from the ninth century by francs. All of them lacking Arab substratum. Not so the Aragonese and the Castilian of the time. (Voci di origine araba nella lingua delle Baleari, 1901)

     But as we all know, cognitive linguistics not only studies the structural or grammatical aspect, it is also very present when establishing an anthropological diachrony, its name day.
     For example, thanks to the hydronyms and hydrotoponyms, we can establish the path of the expansion of Indo-European (Francisco Rdguez. Adrados - 2008 pp. 25-53) and which peoples were its expanders.
     In the present case, we find place names with the BINI prefix that add up to a total of 307 in a territory as small as the Balearic archipelago, since it only has 4,992 km² compared to the 32,106.5 km² of Catalonia, in which there is no a single place name with that Arabic prefix. Which leads us to ask ourselves, how is it possible so many place names with Arabic roots in a place supposedly repopulated by Christians (Catalans) in the 13th century, especially when the syntactic composition of the minor and major place names typical of that Catalonia are made up of:

Composition of Catalan place names

       Toponymic composition non-existent in the Balearic Islands until the political-ideological landing of Catalan nationalism after the Franco dictatorship, in which swift like a hurricane got down to work modifying ancestral place names registered in all the maps and portulans of the Balearic Islands prior to the 20th century. And for more antiscientific inri, the toponymic change was not consulted with the inhabitants of the affected populations. Action that also clashes with and contradicts the first paragraph of Decree 36/2011 of April 15 of the Department of Education and Culture of the Government of the Balearic Islands, creating the Comissió de Toponimia de les Illes Balears. Which reads in Catalan:

(sic translation) «The toponymy of the Balearic Islands is a collective heritage that is safeguarded as part of the linguistic and cultural heritage of the Balearic Islands, since it is vehicle of information about the language, Our history and geography, and constitute a fundamental pillar of the cultural identity of our country.»

      As can be seen, those who wrote that and those who approved it were referring, naturally to people converted to Catalan nationalism, to the supposed Catalan identity of the Balearics. However, they found that the vast majority of place names in the Balearic Islands are not susceptible to being catalanized without causing a social rebellion, since some because they are of Arab origin and are therefore rooted in the Balearic culture, and others because they are almost Latin names. pure, they left them as they found them: (Dec. Latino-español, 2008; Dec. Etymológico, 1980)

Balearic place names

       To this we must add that, since the Balearic Islands were supposedly repopulated by Catalans after 1229, there is only ONE place-name with the characteristic Catalan prefix of: Mas or Massia. However, in Catalonia there are 4,670 place names with these prefixes.

CONCLUSIONS

       With what is stated in this presentation, three conclusions can be drawn: one, that the Balearic language is an independent Romance language, having been born as such from the direct evolution of Latin; that preserves alive a rich and varied substrate of Hebrew, Greek and Ibero-Basque that its sisters lack, and an Arabic superstratum quite different and more phonetically pure than that of the Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula.

       Two, that there was never any repopulation of Catalans in the Balearic Islands, because if there had been, apart from the fact that Balearic Ethnology would be a derivative when not the same as that of Catalonia, as it happens in Central and South America with respect to Spain, the Balearic would have the same linguistic structure as Catalan; as it happens with the Spanish of Central and South America. With the aggravating circumstance that the Catalan language, until the beginning of the 20th century, was considered by the whole scientific world, as one more dialect of Provençal, as stated in their works: Friedrich Díez (1874, p.3); Wilhelm Meyer Lübke (1890, p.13); Antoni María Badía Margarit, (1952, p.24); Martí de Riquer (1964, p.21); Álvaro Santamaría Arández (1991, vol. III, p.969).

       While the Balearic language, under the name of Majorcan because the Kingdom of Mallorca was politically Balearic until the entry of the First Spanish Republic at the end of the 19th century, it had its own grammars from the 17th century without interruption until 2005.

       And three, despite having endorsements such as Mr. Miguel de Unamuno, Mr. Julio Casares (RAE), Mr. Torcuato Luca de Tena (RAE) and Mr. Francisco Rodríguez Adrados (RAE); which in their day left reflected in their works or in plenary decisions of the RAE (RAE Bulletin September-December 1959, volume 39, notebook 158, p. 494), that Balearic was a differentiated language and not a dialect.

      That despite the fact that in April 1980 during the XVI International Congress of Romance languages and philology, held in Palma de Mallorca, a document drawn up by the Catalan organizers of the event was presented for the signature of the more than 700 philologists, in the that it was said that Valencian, Balearic and Catalan, were all the same. Only 36 signed it. (Minutes Book - Editorial Moll - Palma 1983)

      That despite the fact that in 1993, in Palma de Mallorca, during a linguistics symposium organized by the Spanish Society of Linguistics, it was presented again for the signature of more than 300 philologists by the Catalanists of the University of les Illes Balears a document with the same characteristics as the previous one. No one signing it.

       That despite the fact that the Balearic language is the vernacular of 47% of the population of the Balearic Islands, 80% of its population (900,000 inhabitants approx.) Understands and uses it daily.

       And that despite the fact that it is over 2000 years old, thanks to having developed in an archipelago constituting an authentic linguistic treasure, it is not recognized as such a language by the Political Power of the Autonomous Community of the Balearic Islands or by the Ministry of Culture from Spain.

THE BALEARIC, ALSO CALLED GENERICALLY MALLORQUIN, IS A ROMANESQUE LANGUAGE OF THE IBERIAN-ITALO-ROMANESQUE SUBFAMILY.

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